{"id":6937,"date":"2025-09-25T18:17:10","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T18:17:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pokecon.jp\/job\/?p=6937"},"modified":"2025-09-25T18:17:10","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T18:17:10","slug":"postgresql-postgresql-18-released","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pokecon.jp\/job\/6937\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL: PostgreSQL 18 Released!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/p>\n
\n

Posted on 2025-09-25<\/strong> by PostgreSQL Global Development Group<\/p>\n

\n PostgreSQL Project<\/span><\/p>\n

The PostgreSQL Global Development Group<\/a>
\ntoday announced the release of PostgreSQL 18<\/a>,
\nthe latest version of the world’s most advanced open source database. Translations of this press release are available in the PostgreSQL 18 press kit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL 18 improves performance for workloads of all sizes through a new I\/O
\nsubsystem that has demonstrated up to 3\u00d7 performance improvements when reading
\nfrom storage, and also increases the number of queries that can use indexes.
\nThis release makes major-version upgrades less disruptive, accelerating upgrade
\ntimes and reducing the time required to reach expected performance after an
\nupgrade completes. Developers also benefit from PostgreSQL 18 features,
\nincluding virtual generated columns that compute values at query time, and the
\ndatabase-friendly uuidv7()<\/code> function that provides better indexing and read
\nperformance for UUIDs. PostgreSQL 18 makes it easier to integrate with single-sign
\non (SSO) systems with support for OAuth 2.0 authentication.<\/p>\n

“The efforts of the global open source community shape every PostgreSQL release
\nand help deliver features that meet users where their data resides,” said
\nJonathan Katz, a member of the PostgreSQL core team. “PostgreSQL 18 builds on the
\nproject’s long, rich history of delivering a reliable and robust data management
\nexperience, while continuing to expand the workloads it can support.”<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL, an innovative data management system known for its reliability,
\nrobustness, and extensibility, benefits from nearly 30 years of open source
\ndevelopment from a global developer community and has become the preferred open
\nsource relational database for organizations of all sizes.<\/p>\n

Introducing asynchronous I\/O<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL previously relied on operating system readahead mechanisms to
\naccelerate data retrieval. However, because operating systems lack insight into
\ndatabase-specific access patterns, they cannot always anticipate what data will
\nbe required, leading to suboptimal performance in many workloads.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL 18 introduces a new asynchronous I\/O (AIO) subsystem designed to
\naddress this limitation. AIO lets PostgreSQL issue multiple I\/O requests
\nconcurrently instead of waiting for each to finish in sequence. This expands
\nexisting readahead and improves overall throughput. AIO operations supported in
\nPostgreSQL 18 include sequential scans, bitmap heap scans, and vacuum.
\nBenchmarking has demonstrated performance gains of up to 3x in certain scenarios.<\/p>\n

The new io_method<\/code><\/a>
\nsetting lets you toggle between the AIO methods, including worker<\/code> and io_uring<\/code>,
\nor you can choose to maintain the current PostgreSQL behavior with the sync<\/code>
\nsetting. There are now more parameters to consider tuning with AIO, which you
\ncan learn more about in the documentation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Faster upgrades, better post-upgrade performance<\/h3>\n

A key PostgreSQL feature is the generation and storage of
\nstatistics<\/a> that help
\nPostgreSQL select the most efficient query plan. Before PostgreSQL 18, these
\nstatistics didn’t carry over on a major version upgrade<\/a>,
\nwhich could cause significant query performance degradations on busy systems
\nuntil the ANALYZE<\/code><\/a>
\nfinished running. PostgreSQL 18 introduces the ability to keep planner
\nstatistics through a major version upgrade, which helps an upgraded cluster
\nreach expected performance more quickly after the upgrade.<\/p>\n

Additionally, pg_upgrade<\/code><\/a>,
\na utility that performs major version upgrades, includes several enhancements in
\nPostgreSQL 18, such as faster upgrades when a database contains many objects
\nlike tables and sequences. This release also lets pg_upgrade<\/code> process its
\nchecks in parallel based on the settings of the --jobs<\/code> flag, and adds the
\n--swap<\/code> flag that swaps upgrade directories instead of copying, cloning, or
\nlinking files.<\/p>\n

Query and general performance enhancements<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 further accelerates query performance with features that
\nautomatically make your workloads faster. This release introduces “skip scan”
\nlookups on multicolumn B-tree indexes<\/a>
\nthat improve execution time for queries that omit an =<\/code> condition on one or
\nmore prefix index columns. It can also optimize queries that use OR<\/code> conditions
\nin a WHERE<\/code> to use an index, leading to significantly faster execution. There
\nare also numerous improvements for how PostgreSQL plans and executes table joins,
\nfrom boosting the performance of hash joins to allowing merge joins to use
\nincremental sorts. PostgreSQL 18 also supports parallel builds for
\nGIN indexes<\/a>, joining B-tree and
\nBRIN indexes<\/a> in supporting
\nthis capability.<\/p>\n

This release also builds on PostgreSQL support for hardware acceleration,
\nincluding support for ARM NEON and SVE CPU intrinsics for the popcount<\/code>
\nfunction, which is used by the bit_count<\/code><\/a>
\nand other internal capabilities.<\/p>\n

Enhancing the developer experience<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 introduces virtual generated columns<\/a>
\nthat compute values at query time instead of storing them. This is now the
\ndefault option for generated columns. Additionally, stored generated columns can
\nnow be logically replicated.<\/p>\n

This release adds the capability to access both the previous (OLD<\/code>) and current
\n(NEW<\/code>) values in the RETURNING<\/code> clause<\/a>
\nfor INSERT<\/code>, UPDATE<\/code>, DELETE<\/code> and MERGE<\/code> commands. PostgreSQL 18 also adds
\nUUIDv7 generation through the uuidv7()<\/code><\/a>
\nfunction, letting you generate random UUIDs that are timestamp-ordered to
\nsupport better caching strategies. PostgreSQL 18 includes
\nuuidv4()<\/code><\/a>
\nas an alias for gen_random_uuid()<\/code>.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL 18 adds temporal constraints<\/a>
\n— constraints over ranges — for both PRIMARY KEY<\/code> and UNIQUE<\/code> constraints
\nusing the WITHOUT OVERLAPS<\/code> clause, and on FOREIGN KEY<\/code> constraints using the
\nPERIOD<\/code> clause.<\/p>\n

Finally, PostgreSQL 18 makes it easier to create the schema definition of a
\nforeign table using the definition of a local table with the
\nCREATE FOREIGN TABLE ... LIKE<\/code><\/a>
\ncommand.<\/p>\n

Improved text processing<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 makes text processing easier and faster with several new
\nenhancements. This release adds the PG_UNICODE_FAST<\/code><\/a>
\ncollation, which provides full Unicode semantics for case transformations while
\nhelping to accelerate many comparisons. This includes the upper<\/code> and lower<\/code>
\nstring comparison functions and the new casefold<\/code><\/a>
\nfunction for case-insensitive comparisons. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 now
\nsupports making LIKE<\/code> comparisons over text that uses a
\nnondeterministic collation<\/a>,
\nsimplifying how you can perform more complex pattern matching. This release also
\nchanges full text search<\/a>
\nto use the default collation provider of a cluster instead of always using libc,
\nwhich may require you to reindex all
\nfull text search<\/a>
\nand pg_trgm<\/code><\/a>
\nindexes after running pg_upgrade<\/code><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Authentication and security features<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 introduces oauth<\/code> authentication<\/a>,
\nwhich lets users authenticate using OAuth 2.0 mechanisms supported through
\nPostgreSQL extensions. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 includes validation for
\nFIPS mode<\/a>,
\nand adds the ssl_tls13_ciphers<\/code><\/a>
\nparameter for configuring server-side TLS v1.3 cipher suites.<\/p>\n

This release deprecates md5<\/code> password authentication, which will be removed in
\na future release. If you require PostgreSQL password-based authentication, use
\nSCRAM authentication<\/a>.
\nPostgreSQL 18 also supports SCRAM passthrough authentication with both
\npostgres_fdw<\/code><\/a> and
\ndblink<\/code><\/a> for authenticating to
\nremote PostgreSQL instances. Additionally, pgcrypto<\/code><\/a>
\nnow supports SHA-2 encryption for password hashing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Replication<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 supports reporting logical replication write conflicts in logs and
\nin the pg_stat_subscription_stats<\/code><\/a> view. Additionally,
\nCREATE SUBSCRIPTION<\/code><\/a>
\nnow defaults to using parallel streaming for applying transactions, which can
\nhelp improve performance. The
\npg_createsubscriber<\/code><\/a>
\nutility now has an --all<\/code> flag so you can create logical replicas for all
\ndatabases in an instance with a single command. PostgreSQL 18 also lets you
\nautomatically drop idle replication slots<\/a> to help prevent storing too many
\nwrite-ahead log files on a publisher.<\/p>\n

Maintenance and observability<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL 18 improves its vacuum<\/a>
\nstrategy by proactively freezing more pages during regular vacuums, reducing
\noverhead and helping in situations that require aggressive vacuums. <\/p>\n

PostgreSQL 18 adds more details to EXPLAIN<\/code><\/a>,
\nwhich provides information about query plan execution, and as of this release
\nnow automatically shows how many buffers (the fundamental unit of data storage)
\nare accessed when executing EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code>. Additionally, EXPLAIN ANALYZE<\/code>
\nnow shows how many index lookups occur during an index scan, and EXPLAIN ANALYZE VERBOSE<\/code>
\nincludes CPU, WAL, and average read statistics. PostgreSQL 18 includes more info
\nin pg_stat_all_tables<\/code><\/a>
\non time spent on vacuum and related operations, as well as per-connection
\nstatistics on I\/O and WAL utilization.<\/p>\n

Other notable changes<\/h3>\n

Databases initialized with PostgreSQL 18 initdb<\/code><\/a>
\nnow have page checksums enabled by default. This can affect upgrades from
\nnon-checksum enabled clusters, which would require you to create a new
\nPostgreSQL 18 cluster with the --no-data-checksums<\/code> option when using
\npg_upgrade<\/code><\/a>.<\/p>\n

PostgreSQL 18 also introduces a new version (3.2) of the PostgreSQL wire
\nprotocol, the first new protocol version since PostgreSQL 7.4 (2003).
\nlibpq<\/code><\/a> still uses
\nversion 3.0 by default while clients (e.g., drivers, poolers, proxies) add
\nsupport for the new protocol version.<\/p>\n

Additional Features<\/h3>\n

Many other new features and improvements have been added to PostgreSQL 18 that
\nmay also be helpful for your use cases. Please see the
\nrelease notes<\/a> for a
\ncomplete list of new and changed features.<\/p>\n

About PostgreSQL<\/h3>\n

PostgreSQL<\/a> is the world’s most advanced open
\nsource database, with a global community of thousands of users, contributors,
\ncompanies and organizations. Since its beginnings at the University of
\nCalifornia, Berkeley over 40 years ago, PostgreSQL has continued with an
\nunmatched pace of development. PostgreSQL’s mature feature set not only matches
\ntop proprietary database systems, but exceeds them in advanced database
\nfeatures, extensibility, security, and stability.<\/p>\n

Links<\/h3>\n<\/p><\/div>\n\n
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